Abhishek Khare

On February 10, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump announced a 25% tariff on all steel and aluminium imports, including those from Canada and Mexico. This policy shift is expected to impact global trade relations, influence market dynamics, and invite legal scrutiny under international trade agreements. Additionally, Trump hinted at the introduction of reciprocal tariffs against nations imposing heavy duties on American products.

Key Legal Insights

1. Violation of International Trade Agreements
   • The imposition of these tariffs may contravene commitments made under the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).
   • Article XXI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) allows for national security-based trade restrictions, but invoking this clause could lead to disputes before the WTO Dispute Settlement Body.
   • Previous tariffs imposed by Trump during his first presidency led to WTO rulings against the U.S., citing unfair trade practices.

2. Retaliatory Measures from Trade Partners
   • Canada, Mexico, and the European Union could retaliate by imposing countervailing duties on U.S. exports.
   • China’s trade policies, already subject to a 10% tariff under Trump’s administration, may see further escalation, potentially leading to a full-scale trade war.

3. Domestic Legal Challenges and Economic Implications
   • U.S. businesses and trade associations may challenge these tariffs under domestic law, arguing violations of the Trade Act of 1974 and the Constitution’s Commerce Clause.
   • Federal courts may be asked to review whether the President has exceeded his authority under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, which allows tariffs for national security reasons.

4. Legal and Constitutional Challenges Against Executive Authority
   • The broad scope of Trump’s tariff powers could be contested through lawsuits from industries adversely affected by the decision.
   • Congressional oversight may be invoked, particularly if bipartisan opposition emerges over economic concerns and inflationary risks.

5. Impact on the U.S. Workforce and Labor Laws
   • The decision is likely to affect U.S. manufacturing and consumer prices, raising costs for industries dependent on steel and aluminium, such as automobile and construction sectors.
   • Labor unions might challenge the tariffs if they lead to job losses due to retaliatory trade actions from other countries.

Significance of the Ruling

By imposing these tariffs, the Trump administration is taking a protectionist approach to trade, similar to policies from his first term. The government argues that these measures will help American industries and create jobs. However, past experiences suggest that such tariffs often slow down the economy, raise prices for consumers, and create tensions with other countries.

If other nations respond with their own tariffs, it could add more uncertainty to global trade, disrupt markets, and lead to legal battles both in the U.S. and internationally.

Future Impact and Conclusion

If the tariffs go into effect as planned, the U.S. could face penalties from the World Trade Organization (WTO) and retaliation from key trade partners like Canada, Mexico, and the European Union. American businesses may also challenge the tariffs in court, arguing that they hurt industries reliant on imported materials. The stock market has already reacted negatively, and continued uncertainty could make investors hesitant and slow down economic growth.

In the end, while the Trump administration sees these tariffs as a way to strengthen the U.S. economy, they are also likely to create legal disputes, strain international relationships, and pose financial risks. In the coming weeks, challenges from businesses, trade organizations, and foreign governments may determine whether these tariffs move forward or are blocked before full implementation.